摘要：

【目的】了解学术不端的演变特征和文献池污染形势,为科研诚信建设采取针对性措施提供依据和建议。【方法】从撤稿观察数据库获取1995—2024年撤稿数据,从撤稿原因分析学术不端时序演变特征;提出文献池即时和累积污染指数,会同撤稿时滞时序演变、被撤文章被引情况等,分析文献池污染形势。【结果】剽窃/抄袭、造假、重复发表等传统学术不端一直未消,图片问题、虚假同行评议、论文工厂、随机生成内容等新兴学术不端已成为主流撤稿原因。文献池污染指数缓慢上升,全球累积污染指数达到0.28‰水平,中国的即时污染指数快速提升;全球平均撤稿时滞延长,大多被撤稿文章的被引h指数为60~90。【结论】全球撤稿呈现地域集中性、撤稿原因复杂化和隐蔽化、文献池污染指数缓慢升高的特征,需建立学术不端监测和预警机制、系统性规范和优化撤稿工作机制、科学构建文献池质量评价体系和治理策略,以维护文献池清洁。

关键词: 科技期刊, 学术不端, 撤稿, 撤稿时滞, 文献池污染指数, 文献质量指标, 科研诚信

Abstract:

[Purposes] To explore the evolutionary trend of academic misconduct and the contamination status of the literature pool, thereby providing a foundation and recommendations for targeted measures to improve scientific research integrity. [Methods] Retraction data from 1995 to 2024 were sourced from the Retraction Watch Database. The temporal evolution patterns of academic misconducts were analyzed based on the retraction reasons. The contamination status of the literature pool was analyzed based on the proposed real-time and cumulative pollution indices, as well as the temporal evolution of retraction delays and the citations of the retracted articles. [Findings] Traditional academic misconducts, including plagiarism, falsification, and duplication, have been persisting, while emerging misconduct such as image issues, fake peer review, paper mill, and randomly generated content have become mainstream reasons for retraction. The pollution indices of the literature pool are slowly rising, with the global cumulative pollution index reaching 2.8? and China’s real-time pollution index increases rapidly. The global average retraction delay is prolonged, and the h-index of the retracted articles mostly falls within the range of 60~90. [Conclusions] Global retractions exhibit characteristics of regional concentration, complex and concealed reasons, and slowly rising pollution indices of the literature pool. It is imperative to establish a monitoring and warning mechanism for academic misconduct, systematically standardize and optimize the retraction process, and scientifically construct quality assessment systems and control strategies to maintain the cleanliness of the literature pool.

Key words: Scientific journal, Academic misconduct, Retraction, Retraction delay, Literature pool pollution index, Literature quality indicator, Research integrity